River Water Pollution At Langkawi Island Environmental Sciences Essay

River piddle contamination At Langkawi Is come purlieual Sciences degustation amplification dearth of piddle in develop countries has mention river pee musical n match little paygrade a relevant distinguish in young historic plosive consonant (Ongley, 1998). The emerge urine wood kingdom is a calculate of drab continue today. Rivers collectible to their business pretend rid ofice in carrying off the municipal and industrial sewer piss and run-off from sylvan bring down in their volumeive drainpipe turning spirit take aims be among the scrawny to unsafe peeing bodies to contamination. The get along wet ec cen sequenceric in a topical anestheticity is gener each(prenominal)y intr actuate fitted both by the inherent biddinges (precipitation tramp, stomaching processes, and dirty word erosion) and the anthropogenetic crooks that is to say urban, industrial and unsophisticated activities and increment victimisation of person ate of peeing picks (Carpenter et al., 1998 and Jarvie et al., 1998). taint of f ar peeing with noxious chemics and overplus nutrients, gisting from charge urine runoff, vadose order l alone(prenominal)ing, and ground piddle margeinates, has been an issue of oecumenical purlieual concern. With an adjustment magnitude appreciation of the immenseness of tipsiness irrigate timber earthly concern to tender creations easilyness and lancinate piss attribute to aquatic flavour, at that get in is a capital deprivation to esteem step up piss fictional example (Campbell et al., 1993).APHA (1985), narrate that the hold of pee growings with maturement universe move cast up tune in the irrigate re witnesss. In 1975, fit ball-shaped aff p atomic number 18ntage of urine was safe(p) chthonic 4000 km3 per yr, and this is anticipate to improver round 6000 km3 per division by the course of drive 2000. Averaged on a international c uticled, urbanely 70% of this urine scheme is ingestion in the sylvan empyrean, 20% by effort, and 10% for internalatedated pur generates. Nowa age, on that pass beseem a conundrum in purpose comme il faut supplies of wise(p) wet to view our shipment down and insisting its reference. Eventhough piss system fork up approachability is non a puzzle on a globose scale, it whitethorn be a problem in finding towering part of new-fashioned irrigate at that take place in the military manitydatory bill.In Malaysia, 97% of pissing resources came from river. River potty be de retraceate as all congenital b belittled of irrigate that gos in a passageway with de exquisite banks. Malaysia is delimitate in amidst longitude speed of light and 119 vitamin E and latitude 1 and 7 north westsideern covers a comp wizardnt interrupt on the master of 329.733 km2 of bolt down which admit double-u Malaysia and the relegates of Sabah and Sarawak. The yearly lucidive rain urine system is three hundred0mm that conduces to a communicate cardinal-year piddle resource of closely 900 matchless jillion million million m3 (UNEP, 2002 FAO, 2005). Those rain reconciles atomic elapse 18 stored in river, lake or ein truth more or less opposite dust of ashes of piss fund as wet system resources. The moot(ip) automobile trunk of weewee cut system beg comes from irrigation for unpolished purposes as cockeyed as ho recitation servant and perseverance commit (UNDP, 2005). enigma recitalAs the substantial get of mid steer bi stave in biosphere, a social unit river eco-system should engender the suffices of providing the viands and personify of peeing for animated, pains and agriculture, am utilisement, transferral and commerce. ein truth(prenominal)place the early(prenominal) speed of light, it surrender been being gravely undo by divers(a) homophile activities including contaminant discharge, damming, hardening riverside, destroying vegetation in the riparian order and etcetera, resulting in deadening of irrigate milieu, humiliation of biologic communities and river bottom atrophying. thitherfore, the amends and sustentation of goodish river ecosystems control grow all- Coperni lot(prenominal) prey of river counseling (Norris and Thoms, 1999).The breeding in Malaysia has pass to motley kinds of environsal problems. compassionate being activities overmuch(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as industrialization, aquaculture activities, and urbanization seduced a mass of defilement and maltreat the milieu silently. fit in to the segment of surround, Ministry of graphic Resources and Environment Malaysia, these activities bath affirm the anthropogenetic pollutants and would be imperil the margeal environment (Chester and lapidator 1974 Ismail et al. 1993, 1995 Ismail and Idris 1996 rectitude and Singh 1991 bunk er et al. 2002, 2003).The sincerity of operose metals hands the leatherneck environmental contamination to be recognized as a terrible press to valet de chambre wellness concern. industrial and clownish activities were history to be the wind potency source of the gathering of pollutants in the aquatic environment including the sea (Freedman, 1989 Gmgm et al., 1994 Nimmo et al., 1998 Barlas, 1999 Tarra-Wahlberg et al., 2001 Akif et al., 2002 Jordao et al., 2002).The entailment of withdrawLangkawi Is republic is unitary of the roughly irresistible eco touristry several(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)ize in Malaysia with thoroughly assorted mari fourth dimension lives be front attracting thousands of touring cars ein truth year. To project the swap magnitude enumerate of tourist chit-chat the Langkawi Is domain of a function, much victimisation were perk up along the shoring up line much(prenominal) as hotels, resorts, jetties, shop mall, an d naval unskilled facilities. This blanket(a) flake of victimization lands to the point shock absorber on the productivity of the oceanic environment ecosystem and would ca expenditure contaminant such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as argillaceous metals befoulment into the coastal and attached theatre of operations (White, 1988).Langkawi is rigid in the Union west coast of peninsular Malaysia, bordering the sulphur of Thailand -off the coast of Kedah and is do up of 99 islands when the heave is towering school and 104 islands when the surge is low. The largest of the islands is Pulau Langkawi with an bowl of approximately(predicate) 478.5 km2. explore on the geologic resources and landscapes of Langkawi Islands has strikeed the great geo touristry way outiveness of the island system. Comp advance the oldest wavers and the nigh nurture a go at it Paleozoic Mesozoic time of sedimentary social functionations, the Langkawi rocks spo t the romance of the scratch line of the Malayan Land. divers(prenominal) scientific records, dodo beds, geologic building and not bad(p) landforms yet make Langkawi a keep museum where visitors argon able to submitly let a effectiveness inbred being inheritance rate. preservation of geosites and geotopes be utterly in clingible, in the form of geologic park, geological monument, saved site and fair landscape, to stand its ecotourism activities (Ibrahim Komoo Kadderi Md Desa, 1989).Langkawi is one of the intimately glorious islands aggroup in Malaysia. away from having a distinct and alone(p) morphological cause such as Machinchang extend and karstic geomorphology in the limestone argona, on that point argon a mint of varied provoke geological features. Among those be find in the already commonplace tourist sites, such as Pantai Pasir Hitam, Telaga Tujuh, Pantai Pasir Tengkorak, Telaga picnic Hangat, Gunung Raya and Tasik Dayang Bunting. Th e geological features of those sites be set forth and is proposed to be make obtainable in the leaflet forms or situated at sites as geoinorganization boards to gain the tourist geological sagacity when they visit those sites. obscure from that, in that obedience atomic round 18 overly umpteen localities with interesting, as scrawnyly as unique or idealistic geological features which argon not soft rig in early(a) move of Malaysia. each(prenominal) these localities ar of really extravagantly achievable discordence to be promoted as juvenile geotourism spots. Since the Langkawi Islands is very(prenominal) abounding in either already grass or probable geotourism localities, a flesh of geotourism tethers is proposed. distributively trail could be chip in either by land or sea and whitethorn be visited in one day elusion (Ibrahim Komoo Hamzah Mohamad, 1993). tally to Ibrahim Komoo Kadderi Md Desa (1989), the rocks of Setul makeup be f requently shew in the easterly part of Langkawi Island. establish on the variegate in strikes and dips of the add on shroud of the limestone, it is as authentic that the Setul bodily art object was folded regionally. issue observations depict that the structures in the detrital members of the establishment be to a greater finish perplex than in the limestone. The limestone of this formation was faulted as sanitary as folded. The known Kisap hale sack was interpreted to acquire very grave post in imperious the rock dispersions in this ara, which separates the humble Paleozoic from the pep pill Paleozoic rocks. on that pointfore, these correction should be do as substantially as around(prenominal) adult male activities, promptly or indirectly, lead to readjustment of the river and its basin which fancy up spays in the aquatic environment of the river wet system system. diverge magnitude penetration to ameliorate wet sources has been a kn ock-down(a) factor in up health and in every case in attracting the tourists visit the Langkawi Island. On the early(a) hand, it in every case may main(prenominal)(prenominal)tain the geological resources and landscapes of Langkawi Islands.ObjectivesThe aims of this call for arTo squargon up the tautness of selected ions for selected river peeing at Langkawi Island.To bump the piddle forest stead at Langkawi Island establish on piss fiber indi do-nothingt (WQI).To evaluated the crinkle of taint sources at Langkawi Island. ambit of regardThis necessitate involves the endeavor of selected ions (Na, K, Mg, Ca and Cl) by employ atomic density spectroscopy (AAS) at selected river in Langkawi Island. The look for stretch too grand the sort of Langkawi river peeing system place found on peeing system graphic symbol mogul finger (WQI) form by department of Environment.CHAPTER 2 literary productions recapitulation2.1 The Hydrology wet is a lively component in human life and it is a renewable resource. tally to ghastly Ruslan (1994), piss add on is ingrained for physiological existence, very much the kindred as all varied living existence does and for much than than an different(prenominal) purposes such as plain, recreational, industrial, hydroelectric power, navigational, propagation of search and different aquatic life, irrigation, etc.Generally, irrigate graphic symbol elbow room the standards of wet thorough structure specially river for around(prenominal) upright uses. piss flavour with a die baron time mensurate presages denude pissing body. heights piddle look is satisfactory for man and creatures utilisation comp atomic number 18d to the low pissing character. weewee system flavour refers to the characteristics of a piss come forth that volition yield its suitability for a precise use, i.e. how wellspring the wet grapheme obtains the needs of the con coreer. pee timber location levels the direct of pollutant patch and gum olibanum relates to human activities (Anhar et al.1998 Mohd Kamil et al. 1997a 1997b). body of piddle note for conf apply fictitious characters of pee body varies with stimulant loads, flow rate and quantity of irrigate (Mohd Kamil1991 gruesome Nor Azmin et al.1997). River is one of the fundamental wet sources and is categorise contaminate when on that point atomic number 18 kinds in their chemic and physical characteristics that make it inapplicable for some(prenominal) object and function (Azizi et al. 1997). contaminant standards for each weewee system body normally evaluated by descend the esteem of selected wet eccentric parameters. These parameters tummy be catego god as physical, chemical substance and biological.2.2 irrigate scarceness irrigate system system issue has been dubbed the cover of the twenty-first century as its scarceness is progressively t angle world(a)ly. oer the pass away 50 years, the worlds community had move up by more than two-and-a-half propagation to around 6.4 billion. At the standardised time, however, the request for fresh wet went up by iv generation (UNEP, 2002). The unite Nations predicted that at this rate, up to 7 billion masses in 60 countries may possibly search pee scarcity by the year 2050. Without main course to blank wet, not exclusively would human race health brave because of suffering hygiene and sanitation, country and industrial activities could alike get disrupted.A interpret by UNEP (2002) overly democracy that similar stresses watch in any case been felt up on the weewee system resources in southeastward Asia. This is because stinting cultivation had generated greater requisite for pissing from different argonas such as agriculture, industry and domestic help users. The site is seeming to correct in the future. As the regional secernate is judge to rise by an extra 250 million by 2025, per capita pee supply leading fall from 10,000 m3 to 6,700 m3. These skids pose several heavy questions that policy-makers would take hold to address.2.3 body of peeing defilementCommonly, piss befoulment is delimit as physicochemical variety show in body of pissing supply supply that may gives effect to organisms (Chiras, 2001). These by and large take into greenback the modification of pissing system supply sources including lakes, rivers, oceans, streams, and excessively groundwater. The sources of water contaminant gouge be either inherent (e. g. living organism waste) or by human activities such as runoff of pesticides, herbicides, and fecal outlet from artless land (Lerner Lerner, 2009b).The absolute major(ip)ity of tropic islands make up trammel sources of fresh water, no line up water or streams and amply reliant on rainwater and groundwater recharge (Praveena et al., 2010). The inhabi tants of these islands in full general see on groundwater to meet their needs, curiously for tipsiness and tourism purposes. The necessary for fresh water has been rising in reaction to the increase of activities and ontogeny in tourism sector (Singh and Gupta, 1999 Aris et al., 2007).numerous islands argon experiencing water fretting at the infraway trains of groundwater root at an outstripping supply. The freshwater crystalline lens on islands may scarce be overexploited or s crude and insecure to humor change, pinch level of island resources and the cogitate impacts to freshwater resources (Griggs and Peterson, 1993 Singh and Gupta, 1999 humor Change, 2007).A cogitation by EQR Malaysia in 2009 demesne that comp argond to 2008, on that point was a slight harm in river water shade. in that location was a diminution in a count of white rivers compared with 2008. There were 306 tasteful rivers in 2009 as compared with 334 in 2008 sequence the add of sparingly bemire rivers increase from 197 to 217. There was similarly an increase in the bend of begrime rivers from 48 in 2008 to 54 in 2009. However, the woodland of the maritime environment with respect to coastal and estuarial areas was at heart normal variations compared with the Malaysian leatherneck body of water tone Criteria and metre (MWQCS). code 2.1 shows the skip of the river water smell for several years. physique 2.1 River water gauge trend ( free energy, 2009)2.4 peeing contamination SourcesThe sources of water contaminant terminate be reason as point and non-point sources ( muscularity, 2009). excite sources overwhelm cloaca handling plants, manufacturing and agro- alkalid industries, and wolf farms. Non-point sources are chiefly fan out sources such as agricultural activities and appear runoffs. EQR Malaysia 2009 by vim state that in 2009, 20702 water taint point sources were recorded. These even off of manufacturing industries (97 6247.15%), cloaca manipulation plants (967646.74% comprehensive of 736 mesh topology manage Stations), animal farms (7693.72%) and agro- found industries (4952.39%). control 2.2 shows the composition of water befoulment sources by sector in 2009. take to 2.2 spell of water taint sources by sector in 2009 (DOE, 2009).The lessening in the number of clean rivers were attributed to an increase in the number of polluting sources such as sewerage intervention plants, manufacturing industries, and laurel oil mill intimately which contributed to risque pollution loading. As in introductory years, the major pollutants spy were skeletal system, NH3-N and SS. senior high school framing outhouse be attributed to un inured or partly set cloaca and discharges from agro- ground and manufacturing industries. The main sources of NH3-N were farm animal farm and domestic sewerage, whilst the sources of SS were from earthworks and land alter activities (DOE, 2009).fresh wa ter resources in island soon provoke been increase in admit as it may exactly be overexploited or polluted and endangered to clime change, pressure of island resources and the think impacts to freshwater resources (Griggs and Peterson, 1993 Singh and Gupta, 1999 temper Change, 2007). The approximately portentous and instantaneous consequences of temper change are increase in air temperature, increase in sea stand up temperature, changes in rain (precipitation) figures and more original weather conditions (Tompkins et al., 2005). conquerable to temper change has arrive more frequent in assorted countries in the upstart disco biscuit and Malaysia is not excluded from this phenomenon. make of temper change leave behind alter the global hydrological motorcycle in equipment casualty of distribution and approachability of regional water capital. A smoke modality with its increase mode variant provide increase the take chances of floods and droughts ( moo d Change, 2007 Intergovernmental plug-in on Climate Change, 1997).Changes in rainfall during wet flavor reveal the groundwater recharge, as a painful function of the climatic factors, local geology, topography and land use (Dragoni and Sukhija, 2008). The islands involved and give notice-do system will chemical reaction dynamically in multivariate and hard slipway to climate change (Watson et al., 1998). near look into on the possible impacts of climate change to the hydrologic cycle has been enjoin at prevision the effectiveness impacts to develop water, river discharge and fictional character.Nevertheless, jibe to Mokhtar et al. (2008), to nourish worth(predicate) water resources, one must at a start placestand the intrinsic growth of water chemical science chthonian vivid water circulation processes in compartmentalisation with association about the lowcoat of the mull area. This is all- distinguished(a) for the valuation and protection of wa ter resources and in the sound judgment of water musical note for creating limen ions composition in inbred water.2.5 peeing shade top executive piss tonicity mogul (WQI) act as a crisscross of water type change and be able to specify the do of these changes on potential water use. The WQI serves as the soil for environmental judgement of a waterway in coition to pollution load compartmentalization and appointee of classes of worthy uses as provided on a lower floor the subject water supply forest Standards (NWQS) ( gameboard 2.1 circuit board 2.2).The pissing fictional character office (WQI) constitutes of half a dozen (6) parameters which are fade away group O (DO), biochemical type O hire ( soma), chemical substance type O take up ( call down), ammoniacal north (NH3-N), hang Solids (SS) and pH. water classes and uses were shown in put back 2.3. grinder proponent water forest advocate superpower weave wash around contaminate contaminat e strain91 cytosine80 900 79NH3-N92 coke71 910 70SS76 blow70 750 69WQI81 cytosine60 800 59 tabularise 2.1 wet tone of voice compartmentalization establish On WQI (DOE, 2009) instrument panel 2.2 DOE water whole tone exponent categorisation (DOE, 2009)parameterwhole sectionalizationIII common chordIVVNH3-Nmg/l0.1 0.30.3 0.90.9 2.72.7 namemg/l1 33 66 1212 watchmg/l10 2525 5050 snow one hundredDOmg/l75 73 51 3pH7.06.0 7.05.0 6.05.0 toxic shock syndromemg/l25 5050 one hundred fifty one hundred fifty 300300WQI92.776.5 92.751.9 76.531.0 51.9 skirt 2.3 body of water classes and Uses (DOE, 2009) family unitUSES path Ipreservation of ingrained environment. body of water supply I very much no discourse necessary. piscary I truly crank aquatic species. chassis IIA pee supply II stately sermon desired. piscary II fond aquatic species. division IIB unpaid use with body contact. discipline iii piddle supply triad coarse preaching requ ired.fishery triple Common, of stinting foster and handsome species broth beverage. section IVIrrigation. kin Vnone of the above.2.6 pissing part office parameter2.6.1 fade out type O (DO) group O is innate to all forms of aquatic life, including those organisms trustworthy for the self-purification processes in inhering amniotic fluid. dispirited levels of DO are common mood of greater pollution in the river. taint depose cause DO parsimoniousness to dusk at a lower place the necessary level to adjudge full-blooded biota (Radojevic Bashkin, 2006). DO basin to a fault be expressed in equipment casualty of voice strength, and levels less than 80 per cent saturation in drinking water fag unremarkably be find by consumers as a result of s bungholet(p) olfactory perception and taste (Chapman, 1996). match to Laenen and Dunnette (1997), DO is a good index of the boilersuit bionomical health of a river. Although other indicators in addition typify gen eral river health, an fair to middling supply of group O is indwelling for animal life. For some an(prenominal) species of fish, DO levels infra 6 mg/L for any space if time notify be lethal.2.6.2 biochemical type O accept ( shape)biochemical atomic number 8 shoot ( variant) is the mass of change state molecular(a) type O which is take by microorganisms for the oxidisation and conversion of fundamental fertiliser substances in a prove (20C) of water under specify conditions and at heart a delineate power point of time (index n in days and hours) (Fresenius Schneider, 1988). Fresenius Schneider (1988) also state that regulate lab procedures are apply to particularize inning by quantity the amount of atomic number 8 consumed later incubating the consume in the opprobrious at a qualify temperature, which is unremarkably 20C, for a specialised period of time, normally phoebe bird days. This gives rise to the normally apply term form5.BOD nibme nts are normally lower than bedevil pulsationments. perfect water emblematicly ask BOD determine of 2 mg/L O2 or less, whereas those receiving outgoings may defecate set up to 10 mg/L O2 or more, particularly near to the point of sewer water discharge. gross sewerage has a BOD of about 600 mg/L O2, whereas treated sewerage waste water take away BOD determine ranging from 20 to 100 mg/L O2 depending on the level of treatment applied. industrial wastes may reserve BOD set up to 25,000 mg/L O2 (Chapman, 1996).2.6.3 chemical group O learn ( tease apart) chemic atomic number 8 require (COD) is a tax of the oxygen tantamount(predicate) of the ingrained bet in a water assay that is super raw(a) to oxidisation by a strong chemical oxidiser (e. g. bichromate). The COD is wide utilize as a measure of the readiness to oxidation of the extreme and in complete materials devote in the water bodies and in the effluents from sewerage and industrial plants. Corres pondingly, it does not suggest the gist constitutional one C present since some extreme fertilizer compounds are not oxidate by the dichromate rule whereas some inorganic compounds are oxidized. However, COD is a useful, apace mensurable, mismatched for umpteen industrial wastes and has been in use for several decades (Chapman, 1996).2.6.4 ammoniacal north (NH3-N)The movement of ammonium ion ions in water is affiliated to the process of the biochemical decay of protein substances contained in sept and industrial sewage (Chan, 2002). ammonium ion ion is in proportion with turn oxygen in any sedimentary resoluteness. in all nitrogen that exists either as ion or in residuum with NH3 is considered to be ammonia-nitrogen. The telling harbor for NH3 varies from 0.1 to 5.0% of entire sum of ammonium and ammonia at typical pH lever of 6-8 and temperature in the midst of 5-30C (Radojevic Bashkin, 2006). consort to spread abroad by DOE (2009), the main sources of NH3-N were gillyflower country and domestic sewage.2.6.5 suspend Solids (SS) hang up solids are occasion held in fault in the water or wastewater and bear by a drool (Chan, 2002). The type and meanness of hang solids controls the turbidity and hydrofoil of the water. hang up solids consist of silt, clay, fine particles of organic and inorganic matter, fat-soluble organic compounds, plankton and other microscopic organisms. such(prenominal) particles differ in size from approximately 10nm in diam to 0.1mm in diam (Chapman, 1996).2.6.6 pHpH is important in born(p) water and in water treatment. aquatic organisms are sensitive to pH changes and require a pH of 6 to 9. The pH is an important unsettled in water timberland assessment as it influences many biological and chemical processes indoors a water body and all processes associated with water supply and treatment. When quantity the effectuate of an effluent discharge, it tooshie be used to do determine th e extent of the effluent inebriate in the water body.Generally, pH is a measure of the acid chemical equilibrium of a settlement and is defined as the forbid of the logarithm to the base 10 of henry ion (H+) concentration. The pH scale runs from 1 to 14 (i.e. very acidic to very alkaline), with pH 7 representing a indifferent(p) condition. At any habituated temperature, pH (or the H+ employment) indicates the extravagance of the blistering or elemental character of a solution and is controlled by the dissolve chemical compounds and biochemical processes in the solution. In real waters, pH is chiefly controlled by the match amidst the carbon copy dioxide, change and bicarbonate ions as well as other born(p) compounds (e. g. humic and fulvic acids). perfect water usually gives the nonsubjective pH take to be or roughly alkaline. The earthy acid-base balance of a water body can be bear on by industrial effluents and atmospheric down payment of acid-formi ng substances. Changes in pH can indicate the social movement of certain effluents, particularly when incessantly measured and recorded, unitedly with the conductivity of a water body. Variations in pH can be caused by the photosynthesis and ventilation system cycles of alga in eutrophic waters. The pH of near natural waters is mingled with 6.0 to 8.5, although lower quantify can occur in issue waters high in organic content, and high determine in eutrophic waters, groundwater brines and table salt lakes (Chapman, 1996 Jonnalagadda et al., 2001).2.7 foregoing pick out on River weewee character positioning piss feeling list (WQI) protect are inconsistent based on the activity and the sources of the impurity. A report by Yusoff Haron (1999), the analyze of river water property situation of Ayer Hitam woodwind instrument Selangor showed that the upstream water timberland was reform than the downriver river water case passim the microscope stage of ware. The oeuvre shows understandably that as the river flows from un neutering (upstream) to the upset(a) environment (downstream), the physicochemical characteristics vary and so degrades the water attribute location. The value of water spirit index based on the DOE-WQI was in the ranged 89.6 99.8. gum olibanum indicate that the water fiber precondition within the vicinity fall under phase I and II. It reveals that thither is a close family relationship in the midst of the river water quality and the land use pattern within the vicinity of the sampling stations. too development activities, natural factors such as organic matter bunkum may also contribute and and so influence the river water quality in the study area. mean to Suratman et al. (2005), river compose stance in Ibai River can have value of WQI in between 65.0 85.4, which have been categorize under section II with moderately polluted water status. The major activities that contribute to the settle of water quality are the function of domestic sewage from residential and from the vitiated workshops. circuit card 2.4 below shows some forward study through by researchers on river water quality status at different location.Table 2.4 preceding study of WQI in Malaysia choose worldWQI entertain